In addition to its crucial role in blood clotting and wound healing, vitamin K-2 has a number of other health benefits. We discuss some of these below. According to a review article , K-2 activates a protein that prevents calcium deposits from forming in the walls of blood vessels.
The author cited findings suggesting that a diet high in natural vitamin K2 may decrease the risk of coronary heart disease. Vitamin K-2 promotes healthy bone mineral density by carboxylating osteocalcin, a protein that binds calcium to bones.
A study investigated the effects of taking MK-4 supplements in 29 postmenopausal females who had experienced hip or vertebral compression fractures. A study from Japan examined whether vitamin K-2 enhances the effects of standard medication for osteoporosis in adult females aged 65 or older. According to the results, vitamin K-2 did not appear to enhance the effects of the osteoporosis medication. A study investigated the effects of vitamin K-2 in rats with metabolic syndrome, high blood glucose levels and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and memory deficit.
After 10 weeks, treatment with vitamin K had normalized blood glucose and reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression.
However, it did not improve memory deficit in the rats. Vitamin K-2 has antioxidant properties that may help protect against cancer. In addition, findings suggest that K-2 may suppress genetic processes that lead to tumor growth. According to a study , vitamin K-2 that scientists had modified with a sialic acid-cholesterol conjugate significantly suppressed tumor growth in mouse cells.
A study suggests that K-2 significantly reduces the activity of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha HIF-1A in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. HIF-1A is an important target for cancer drug therapy.
The Office of Dietary Supplements ODS recommend a daily intake of micrograms mcg of vitamin K for adult males and 90 mcg for adult females. There is no specific recommendation for vitamin K Newborns and people with certain gastrointestinal disorders, such as celiac disease and ulcerative colitis, have a higher risk of vitamin K deficiency. A severe deficiency increases the time it takes for the blood to clot, making a person more prone to bruising and bleeding and increasing the risk of hemorrhage.
Certain medications can affect vitamin K levels in the body. For example, long courses of antibiotics can kill the gut bacteria that produce vitamin K. Blood thinners, such as warfarin, can interact dangerously with the vitamin. It is important for people taking these medications to consume the same amount of dietary vitamin K each day and to speak to a doctor before taking supplements or making dietary changes.
While the ODS report that vitamin K deficiency is very rare and that most people are getting enough of the vitamin from their diet, anyone at risk of a deficiency may wish to consider dietary supplements.
Many multivitamins contain both forms of vitamin K. A person can also purchase vitamin K as a standalone supplement or in combination with specific nutrients, such as vitamin D , calcium, or magnesium. The types of vitamin K commonly available in dietary supplements include :. The concentrations of K-1 and K-2 vary, depending on the supplement. Always check the nutrition label before purchasing supplements.
Vitamin K can interact with some drugs, especially blood thinners, so it is important for people taking prescription medications to speak to their doctor before using a dietary supplement. A variety of vitamin K supplements are available to purchase online. K-1 primarily occurs in leafy green vegetables, and it is the main dietary source of vitamin K. However, the body absorbs K-2 more readily, particularly the K-2 subtype MK Good sources of vitamin K-2 include fermented foods, organ meats, and dairy products.
Fermented soybeans, such as natto, are an especially rich source of vitamin K However, some researchers are not convinced — two large review studies concluded that evidence to recommend vitamin K supplements for this purpose is insufficient 19 , Vitamin K2 plays an essential role in bone metabolism, and studies suggest that it can help prevent osteoporosis and fractures. One of the main regulating proteins in dental health is osteocalcin — the same protein that is critical to bone metabolism and is activated by vitamin K2 Osteocalcin triggers a mechanism that stimulates the growth of new dentin, which is the calcified tissue underneath the enamel of your teeth 22 , Vitamins A and D are also believed to play an important role here, working synergistically with vitamin K2 Even though modern medicine has found many ways to treat it, new cancer cases are still on the rise.
Two clinical studies suggest that vitamin K2 reduces recurrence of liver cancer and increases survival times 25 , Vitamin K2 has been found to improve survival in patients with liver cancer. Men who consume the highest amounts of K2 appear to have a lower risk of advanced prostate cancer.
Your body can partly convert vitamin K1 to K2. This is useful, as the amount of vitamin K1 in a typical diet is ten times that of vitamin K2. However, current evidence indicates that the conversion process is inefficient.
As a result, you may benefit much more from eating vitamin K2 directly. Vitamin K2 is also produced by gut bacteria in your large intestine. Some evidence suggests that broad-spectrum antibiotics contribute to K2 deficiency 28 , Rich animal sources include high-fat dairy products from grass-fed cows, egg yolks, as well as liver and other organ meats Animal foods contain the MK-4 subtype, while fermented foods like sauerkraut , natto and miso pack more of the longer subtypes, MK-5 to MK If these foods are inaccessible to you, taking supplements is a valid alternative.
An excellent selection of K2 supplements can be found on Amazon. The benefits of supplementing with K2 may be enhanced even further when combined with a vitamin D supplement, as these two vitamins have synergistic effects Though this needs to be studied in more detail, current research on vitamin K2 and health is promising. You can get vitamin K2 from high-fat dairy products, egg yolk, liver and fermented foods, such as sauerkraut. Vitamin K1 is involved in blood coagulation and vitamin K2 benefits bone and heart health.
However, more studies on the roles of vitamin K subtypes are needed. Some scientists are convinced that vitamin K2 supplements should be regularly used by people at risk of heart disease. Others point out that more studies are needed before any solid recommendations can be made. To maintain good health, make sure to get adequate amounts of vitamins K1 and K2 through your diet.
Vitamin K plays a vital role in blood clotting, as well as bone and heart health. This article lists 20 foods that are exceptionally high in vitamin K. Vitamins D and K are crucial for your health, but some say vitamin D is harmful to those low in vitamin K. Synthetic cannabinoids are human-made mind-altering chemicals that are either sprayed on dried, shredded plant material so they can be smoked or sold as liquids to be vaporized and inhaled in e-cigarettes and other devices. These products are also known as herbal or liquid incense.
These chemicals are called cannabinoids because they are similar to chemicals found in the marijuana plant. Because of this similarity, synthetic cannabinoids are sometimes misleadingly called synthetic marijuana or fake weed , and they are often marketed as safe, legal alternatives to that drug. In fact, they are not safe and may affect the brain much more powerfully than marijuana; their actual effects can be unpredictable and, in some cases, more dangerous or even life-threatening.
Synthetic cannabinoids are part of a group of drugs called new psychoactive substances NPS. NPS are unregulated mind-altering substances that have become newly available on the market and are intended to produce the same effects as illegal drugs. Some of these substances may have been around for years but have reentered the market in altered chemical forms, or due to renewed popularity. Synthetic cannabinoid products are often labeled "not for human consumption. However, the only parts of these products that are natural are the dried plant materials.
Chemical tests show that the active, mind-altering ingredients are cannabinoid compounds made in laboratories. Manufacturers sell these products in colorful foil packages and plastic bottles to attract consumers. They market these products under a wide variety of specific brand names. For several years, synthetic cannabinoid mixtures have been easy to buy in drug paraphernalia shops, novelty stores, gas stations, and over the internet.
Because the chemicals used in them have no medical benefit and a high potential for abuse, authorities have made it illegal to sell, buy, or possess some of these chemicals. However, manufacturers try to sidestep these laws by changing the chemical formulas in their mixtures.
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