It starts from Bhutan towards the west covering the northern frontiers of Arunachal Pradesh and then towards south following the curvature of Himalaya. This line was drafted as per Simla Accord of Britain, India, China and Tibet participated in this accord.
McMahon line was drawn by dividing Tibet into Outer and Inner parts. Outer Tibet would be in hands of China and Inner Tibet to be made autonomous.
China rejected this accord as it claimed the whole tibet as its own territory. McMahon line is accepted and followed by India in all his official maps showing north east frontiers. But this line is not accepted and followed by China. This is not just an imaginary line like other lines but a boundary build up of solid concrete fortifications. This line is hugely fortified along the Border of France and Germany but the fortification is weak and porous along with Belgium as Belgium was neutral country with France.
The line represents the bank of Rivers Oder and Neisse. Also called a transform fault. Also called a conservative plate boundary. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit.
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Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. You cannot download interactives. A political boundary is an imaginary line separating one political unit, such as a country or state, from another. Sometimes these align with a natural geographic feature like a river to form a border or barrier between nations. Occasionally, two countries may contest where a particular border is drawn. These disputes might arise due to a natural resource both groups want, like in the case of Sudan and South Sudan, or in an attempt to gain more political power, as in the case of Pakistan and India in the Kashmir region.
Use these resources to explore more about political boundaries. A territory is land a person or government protects from intruders or outsiders. Some territories have defined boundaries like a nation, province, or city, while others, like a neighborhood, may not.
The people living in a particular territory often share similar traits, like ethnicity, culture, or religion. In some places, the exact boundary and who claims what land is questioned. An example of this is the region of Kashmir between India and Pakistan which has been under dispute since the s.
Help your students cross the boundary to understanding territorial divisions with these resources. Everyone around the globe relies on natural resources to support their lives as well as their local and national economies.
However, not all communities have access to the same kinds of resources in the same amounts. Many natural resources that are very common in one part of the world are almost nonexistent in others. For instance, while many countries have systems in place to treat and distribute clean drinking water, in many other countries around the globe, communities may only have access to untreated or contaminated water.
Understanding the distribution of resources around the world helps us understand regional and global economies, and helps us think critically about how to make sure that all communities have the resources they need to thrive. Explore patterns of resource distribution with this curated collection. What does it mean to be a citizen? Citizenship is the legal recognition of belonging to a specific nation, state, or commonwealth.
What does citizenship represent? It may help to form one's identity, but it also comes with responsibilities such as following the laws of a particular place.
Different nations, states, and commonwealths have different duties for their citizens and different processes for naturalization. Use these classroom resources to help teach your students about the obligations and responsibilities that accompany citizenship.
One of the oldest tenets of geography is the concept of place. Location is the position of a particular point on the surface of the Earth.
Locale is the physical setting for relationships between people, such as the South of France or the Smoky Mountains. Finally, a sense of place is the emotions someone attaches to an area based on their experiences. Place can be applied at any scale and does not necessarily have to be fixed in either time or space. Additionally, due to globalization, place can change over time as its physical setting and cultures are influenced by new ideas or technologies.
Learn more about the physical and human characteristics of place with this curated resource collection. In , after decades of tediously collecting and mapping ocean sonar data, scientists began to see a fairly accurate picture of the seafloor emerge.
The Tharp-Heezen map illustrated the geological features that characterize the seafloor and became a crucial factor in the acceptance of the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift. Today, these theories serve as the foundation upon which we understand the geologic processes that shape the Earth.
Explore the boundaries between Earth's tectonic plates with MapMaker, National Geographic's classroom interactive mapping tool. Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students.
A border is a real or artificial line that separates geographic areas. Borders are political boundaries. They separate countries, states, provinces, counties, cities, and towns. A border outlines the area that a particular governing body controls. The government of a region can only create and enforce laws within its borders. Borders change over time. Sometimes the people in one region take over another area through violence. Other times, land is trade d or sold peacefully.
Many times, land is parcel ed out after a war through international agreements. Sometimes, borders fall along natural boundaries like river s or mountain range s. For example, the boundary between France and Spain follows the crest of the Pyrenees mountains.
For part of its length, the boundary between the United States and Mexico follows a river called the Rio Grande. Borders—particularly national borders—affect travel and migration. When neighboring countries have similar wealth and political system s, their borders may be open and undefended.
For example, citizens of the country European Union may travel freely among any of the member states. On the opposite extreme, the Korean Demilitarized Zone—the border between communist North Korea and democratic South Korea—is the most heavily militarized border in the world. The zone, which is 4 kilometers 2. Citizens of most countries must have a passport and official permission to enter the borders of North Korea.
North Koreans must also have official permission before they leave the secretive nation. Every country has its own rules about who may travel, work, and reside within its borders. Visa s and work permit s are government documents issued to non- citizen s that limit the type of work or travel they may do in the country, and for how long.
Border Protection Most countries have some sort of military or law-enforcement presence along their borders. Countries protect their borders for several reasons. One is to keep out invader s. This is especially true in areas where two or more countries have fought over the same land for many years. Cambodia and Thailand, for example, have disputed the territory of the Preah Vihear Temple for more than a century.
Cambodian and Thai military units are positioned along the border near Preah Vihear Temple, and skirmish es often result in deaths on both sides. Sometimes, borders serve to keep citizens in. In addition to North Korea, nations such as Myanmar and Cuba rarely allow their residents to cross their borders.
Borders can also serve to protect resource s. Sometimes, the borders of U. Citizens within these borders often vote as a unit, based on shared political beliefs.
The concerns of a representative from the urban area of St. Louis, Missouri, for instance, are less likely to be issues affecting farmer s than a representative from rural Missouri, which is dominate d by agriculture.
The representative from rural Missouri would be less likely to be concerned with issues surrounding public transportation , which is much more common in cities. Border Disputes Many border dispute s occur when people fight over natural resources.
This triangle of land along the Red Sea is rich in the mineral manganese , which is essential to iron and steel production. It is also used as an additive in unleaded gasoline. The Sudanese government claims the land rightfully belongs to Sudan, but it currently belongs to Egypt. Many times, political borders divide groups of people who share a common religion , culture , ancestry , or language.
The border between North Korea and South Korea, for example, is a purely political one; the Korean people share a united history, culture, and language.
Like the Korean border, this was a purely political division, between the democratic West and the communist East. Germany reunified in , and the border disappeared. Many times, one ethnic group wishes to break off and form its own, independent state. This can lead to civil war. The area of southeastern Europe on the Balkan Peninsula known as the Balkans has a long history of ethnic conflict and disputed borders.
The country of Yugoslavia was created from many small political units after World War I. After the fall of communism, however, democratic movements swept central and eastern Europe. Autocratic rulers were unable to maintain power. In the Balkans, ancient feud s began to resurface. Bosnians, Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, and Slovenians began vying for control of the region.
Even within these national groups, ethnic or religious minorities pursued independence: Bosnian Serbs sought independence from Bosnia, while citizens of the Kosovo region sought independence based on their Muslim identity.
The crimes surrounding the border disputes between these countries are so numerous and graphic that an entire court in the International Criminal Court is devoted to them: the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ICTY. Border issues often arise when outside powers draw borders in regions they colonize , with or without the consent of the people who already live there. During the s and s, European countries colonized much of Africa.
These European colonists created the borders of most African countries. The divisions often did not reflect the existing ethnic or political groups that lived in those regions.
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